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Arterial hypertension

Arterial hypertension causes are the occurrence that diseases arise, diagnosis and methods of treatment.

According to world statistics, the disease of the cardiovascular system are primarily among all the causes of mortality.

Arterial hypertension is one of the most common diseases of the circulation system, which also acts as a factor in the development of other heart disease and blood vessels, such as coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke.

Arterial hypertension is a persistent increase in systolic (upper) blood pressure above 140 mm Hg.Art.and / or diastolic (lower) above 90 mm Hg.Art.According to the European Society for Arterial Hypertension and European Cardiologists, the criterion of arterial hypertension with 135/85 mm HG is adopted for home pressure measurement.Art.And upstairs.

The main symptoms that follow the increase in blood pressure include headaches, nausea, ears, palpitations, reduced vision sharpness, irritability, sweating.

Sometimes an increase in blood pressure can be asymptomatic.In this case, blood pressure control is required.

Varieties of arterial hypertension

Before talking about increased blood pressure (blood pressure), it should be understood how the pressure should be normal.For each person, blood pressure values are individual.However, there is generally accepted blood pressure classification.

  • Optimally, where systolic blood pressure is less than 120 mm Hg.Art, and diastolic blood pressure is less than 80 mm Hg.Art. 
  • Normally, where the upper values of the blood pressure from 120 to 129, and lower values from 80 to 84 mm Hg.Art.
  • Highly normal, where the upper values of the blood pressure from 130 to 139 mm HG in the interval.Art.and lower in an interval of 85 to 89 mm Hg.Art.

Arterial hypertension is divided according to degrees, depending on maximum values obtained during pressure measurement.

1. degrees-systolic blood pressure 140-159 mm Hg.Art.and / or diastolic blood pressure 90-99 mm Hg.Art.

2. Degree-systolic blood pressure 160-179 mm Hg.Art.and / or diastolic blood pressure 100-109 mm Hg.Art.

3. Degree-systolic blood pressure 180 and more mm Hg.Art.and / or diastolic blood pressure 110 and more mm Hg.Art.

Separately insulated isolated arterial hypertence, when only systolic blood pressure increases more than 140 mm Hg.St, and the diastolic remains under normal values.

Causes of increased blood pressure

It is believed that most patients with great pressure suffer Primary Arterial hypertension, which development cannot be associated with specific causes.This is such a few essential arterial hypertise, which is more common in patients - resolved.

In other cases, when a certain cause of pressure is revealed, mean secondary Arterial hypertension.

Among the main causes leading to medium arterial hypertension, they differ:

  1. Kidneys and blood vessels.These pathologies lead to reducing the blood flow intensity in the kidneys and, as a result, to release the buds of substances that contribute to increasing blood pressure and compensation for impaired renal blood flow.Chronic renal disease, chronic glomerulonephritis, urolithiasis - these diseases can lead to developing arterial hypertension.Among the diseases of blood vessels are most often recorded (stenosis) of the kidney, which can be innate pathology or appear with atherosclerosis in adulthood. 
    2. Reducing blood flow due to atherosclerosis
  2. Different Endocrine diseases lead to the development of arterial hypertension and other associated symptoms.For example, with thyrotoxicosis, the production of thyroid hormones was improved, which is accompanied by the appearance of the denser (increasing of systolic blood pressure, heartbeat, increased exciting and reduction in body weight.With hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone is produced.Travelogogies are accompanied by endothelial dysfunction and weakened relaxation of smooth muscle cells of blood vessels, leading to increasing the peripheral resistance of blood vessels.It helps to increase blood pressure.Such patients are characterized by an increase in diastolic blood pressure, slowing down pulse, weakness and fast fatigue.With the feochromocytome (adrenal glands), the release of catecholamine (adrenaline, norepinephrine) increases into blood, leading to sharp jumps into blood pressure on very high values.Arterial hypertension is a common satellite of obesity.Fax cells (adipocytes) produce biological active substances that affect the entire organism as a whole as a whole, and especially on vessels.Also, don't forget that the "additional" fabric must also be supplying blood, which leads to additional load on the cardiovascular system. 
  3. Different Heart disease and blood vessels They can lead to high arterial pressure.For example, Koarctation Aorte is local to narrow aortic lumens, more often innate pathology;Atherosclerotic narrowing of the vessel. 
  4. Pregnancy (preeclampsia). 
  5. Arterial hypertension when taking some medications: oral contraceptives, anabolic steroids, glucocorticosteroids, antidepressants.

It should be borne in mind that the factors that contribute to the development of arterial hypertension: a hereditary predisposition, extended nervous surveys, often stressful situations, excessive physical activity, smoking, alcohol and coffee, large amounts of salt and greasy food.

What diseases arises arterial hypertension?

Arterial hypertension is divided according to degrees, depending on maximum values obtained during pressure measurement.

We'll list some of them.

  • Atherosclerosis, including renal arteries. 
  • Lesion of renal vessels (thrombosis, embolism, stenosis, renal compression with tumor or organ). 
  • Chronic pielonephritis. 
  • Chronic glomerulonephritis. 
  • Chronic renal disease. 
  • Thyroid diseases (hypo- and hypertyroidism). 
  • Izenko-cushing disease and syndrome. 
  • Feochromocytoma. 
  • Primary hyperaldosteronism.
  • Metabolic syndrome. 
  • Koarctation aorta. 
  • Preeclampsia.

Which doctors contact when they increase blood pressure?

To identify the causes of growing pressure, you should contact the therapist in the beginning.The doctor will conduct an exam and prescribe the required amount of exams and consulting experts.There may be:

  • Cardiologist; 
  • endocrinologist; 
  • neurologist; 
  • surgeon; 
  • Ophthalmologist.

Diagnosis and testing with increasing blood pressure

First of all, the self-confidence of blood pressure at home is needed with the maintenance of the diary, where all pressure measurements on time, taking drugs and stress episodes should be resolved, which could cause blood pressure.

The following laboratory studies are prescribed to all patients in the first phase of the test:

  • Clinical blood test;
  • General urine analysis;
  • Biochemical blood test (cholesterol control; Lipoproteins are very low; and high density for assessment of atherosclerosis, blood electrolyte - potassium, creatinine levels; blood glucose levels;
  • Blood test for glitzen hemoglobin level; 
  • Hormone Blood Test (TH4 - T4; Triodotironin - T3; Thyreootropic Hormone - TSH; Antibodies to Thyroid - Proxidation; Antibody to Thyroidoglobulin).

If necessary, the doctor may prescribe the chart of laboratory and instrumental test methods:

  • daily blood pressure monitoring; 
  • Electrocardiographic study; 
  • echocardiography; 
  • Holter daily monitoring; 
  • Duplex Scan Bracioshal, 
  • Kidney / ILIAC and Lamp Arteries; 
  • Ultrasonic study of kidney and adrenal glands; 
  • Studying the bottom of your eye.

Treatment of arterial hypertension

Arterial hypertension is a disease, whose development depends on many factors, and thus the first recommendation in high pressure correction is a change in lifestyle.

First, they invest changes on the diet: limit consumption of canned and finished products, sauce and mayonnaise and gradually reduce the amount of salt added to food.

The menu should contain all fresh vegetables, fruits and dairy products.Alcohol and smoking should also be limited.

In the presence of excess body weight and the lack of contraindicates, a diet is used.Regular moderate physical effort from at least half an hour a day contributes to the normalization of the vascular tone.

We should not expect a quick effect from eating and physical education.However, at the beginning of the disease are these actions that can play a positive role.

Depending on the stage and degree of disease, drug therapy prescribes.In clinical practice, several groups of medications are used to treat arterial hypertension:

  • diuretics (diuretics); 
  • Beta blockers; 
  • Channel calcium antagonists; 
  • Enzyme enzymenical engineering inhibitors (IAC); 
  • Anatonists Receptors Angiotensin II; 
  • Central medications.

Depending on the cause of development and the course of the disease, as well as related diseases, the doctor prescribes a single treatment regime.Therapy selected by attending doctors, constant drug use and lifestyle changes will help normalize blood pressure.

What to do with high pressure?

The pressure must not reduce quickly: in the first two hours when helping, blood pressure should be reduced by no more than 20% of the initial high level.

When blood pressure increased, but the general welfare stable (no other symptoms), you should try to fall asleep or lie with your eyes closed.If after rest, the pressure remains high, it is necessary to take medications recommended by the doctor.

If the blood pressure increases monitors a strong headache, dizziness, shortness of breath, visual damage, pain, nausea, or vomiting, need to cause an ambulance.